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Visual analytics has come a long way since its inception in 2005. The amount of data in the world today has increased significantly and experts in many domains are struggling to make sense of their data. Visual analytics is helping them conduct their analyses. While software developers have worked for many years to develop software that helps users do their tasks, this task is becoming more and more onerous, as understanding the needs and data used by expert users requires more than some simple usability testing during the development process. The need for a user centered evaluation process was envisioned in Illuminating the Path, the seminal work on visual analytics by James Thomas and Kristin Cook in 2005. We have learned over the intervening years that not only will user-centered evaluation help software developers to turn out products that have more utility, the evaluation efforts can also help point out the direction for future research efforts.

This book describes the efforts that go into analysis, including critical thinking, sensemaking, and various analytics techniques learned from the intelligence community. Support for these components is needed in order to provide the most utility for the expert users. There are a good number of techniques for evaluating software that has been developed within the human-computer interaction (HCI) community. While some of these techniques can be used as is, others require modifications. These too are described in the book. An essential point to stress is that the users of the domains for which visual analytics tools are being designed need to be involved in the process. The work they do and the obstacles in their current processes need to be understood in order to determine both the types of evaluations needed and the metrics to use in these evaluations. At this point in time, very few published efforts describe more than informal evaluations. The purpose of this book is to help readers understand the need for more user-centered evaluations to drive both better-designed products and to define areas for future research. Hopefully readers will view this work as an exciting and creative effort and will join the community involved in these efforts.

Jean Scholtz is a chief scientist at the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL). Dr. Scholtz came to PNNL in 2006 to work on the Visual Analytics Science and Technology (VAST) Challenge for Jim Thomas, as part of the National Visualization and Analytics Center (NVAC). Although she no longer works on the VAST Challenge, she continues to advocate and conduct user-centered evaluations for various programs at the laboratory.

Dr. Scholtz previously worked at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), where she worked in user-centered evaluations for an Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Agency (IARPA) program, Novel Intelligence from Massive Data (NIMD), and collaborated with PNNL to start up the VAST Challenge. At NIST she was a founder of the Common Industry Format (CIF) project that established a format for software companies to describe their usability testing results. This document is used in requests for information today by companies interested in purchasing software and has become an ISO standard.

Dr. Scholtz also worked on human-robot interaction evaluations while at NIST, helping with both Urban Search and Rescue (USAR) and Explosive Ordinance Disposal (EOD) testbeds. She was a program manager at the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DAPRA) involved in collaboration software, digital libraries, and ubiquitous computing.

In an earlier career, Dr. Scholtz worked at Bell Telephone Laboratory in Murray Hill, NJ, where she helped develop an early time-sharing system, Project Mac, with researchers from MIT. She also worked on early efforts at missile defense on Kwajalein, MI.

Dr. Scholtz has a Ph.D. in computer science from the University of Nebraska at Lincoln, a Master's degree in mathematics from the Steven Institute of Technology in Hoboken, NJ, and a Bachelor's degree in mathematics from the University of Iowa.

Dr. Scholtz has been a member of ACM since 1988, has served on a number of CHI conference committees, and was a member of the SIGCHI Board. She received the CHI lifetime service award in 2014. She served for a number of years on the NASA Human Factors in Space Review Board.

David Ebert is a Professor in the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Purdue University, a University Faculty Scholar, Director of the Purdue University Rendering and Perceptualization Lab (PURPL), and Director of the Purdue University Regional Visualization and Analytics Center (PURVAC), which is part of the Department of Homeland Security's Regional Visualization and Analytics Center of Excellence. Dr. Ebert performs research in novel visualization techniques, visual analytics, volume rendering, information visualization, perceptually-based visualization, illustrative visualization, and procedural abstraction of complex, massive data.

Ebert has been very active in the visualization community, teaching courses, presenting papers, co-chairing many conference program committees, serving on the ACM SIGGRAPH Executive Committee, serving as Editor in Chief of IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, serving as a member of the IEEE Computer Society's Publications Board, serving on the National Visualization and Analytics Center's National Research Agenda Panel, and successfully managing research programs to develop more effective methods for visually communicating information.